\chapter{Recommendations and Budgetary Estimates
\label{sec:recomm}}

In this chapter, we present our detailed recommendations and budgetary estimates
for prioritized endeavors.  The recommendations and budgetary estimates follow from our nuclear physics community consultations, where we asked investigators to indicate the funding ranges needed for a restrained, yet efficient, contribution to scientific endeavors, as well as levels that would enable a more extensive contribution.  
This chapter is divided into two parts.  Sec.~\ref{sec:major_rec} describes our recommendations in detail, Sec.~\ref{sec:budget} presents the budgetary estimates needed to implement many of the recommendations. 

Chapter~\ref{sec:hqp} summarized clearly the growth in the nuclear physics
community, and this brief in its entirety has demonstrated the breadth and
dynamism of the research being conducted.  Coupled together, there is little
doubt that operating and capital funds must grow in coming years to ensure that
Canadian researchers maintain a world-leading position in this field.

\section{Major recommendations
\label{sec:major_rec}}

{\bf Recommendation 1: Enhance nuclear theory support}\\

The advancement of nuclear physics is strongly dependent on the interplay between theory and experiment. Nuclear theory is indispensable for interpretation of experiments testing beyond the standard model physics that involve atomic nuclei such as measurements of neutrinoless double beta decay, tests of CKM unitary in beta decays, measurements of nuclear electric dipole and anapole moments. Similarly, nuclear theory is crucial in extrapolations and evaluations of cross sections of nuclear reaction important for astrophysics that cannot be typically measured at low energies relevant for astrophysics processes. For the quickly-developing precision frontier which can reach for new physics at TeV scale, theory input is indispensable. For example, nuclear corrections are still the largest systematic uncertainty in neutrino oscillation data. In addition to predictive first-principles ({\em ab-initio}) and phenomenological  modeling, theorists identify promising future directions for the experimental programs, participate in experimental proposals, develop new computational methodology, help to interpret the experimental data, and educate the future generation of researchers in both theory and experiment. The key to successful collaboration between theory and experiment in such areas is close coordination and rapid theory response to the needs of experimental programs. At the same time, excellence in theory depends on diversity of ideas and people, and it is essential to support a wide range of theoretical programs in all regions of Canada. We recommend an increased support for nuclear theory researchers at a level that is sufficient for faculty members to allow travel and also to support postdocs and graduate students. 

The efforts of nuclear theorists in Canada are already well-aligned with the
strengths of the Canadian experimental research in nuclear physics, and new facilities such as EIC and ARIEL will provide a great opportunity to strengthen and grow this program further.  Nuclear theory is one of the very few fields where a modest infusion of new funds will see 
a substantial return in research productivity and results. 

{\em We recommend
strategic investment into nuclear theory HQP, especially postdocs, who can accelerate the efforts of
these recognized world leaders at the fore-front of an exciting and fast-moving field.}
Budgetary estimates are in Sec.~\ref{sec:optimal}.
\\[2ex]
%\clearpage

%GH: breadth recommendation added, as per Ritu's comments
%only minor wording changes from 2015
{\bf Recommendation 2: Maintain a diverse program of excellence in experimental
and theoretical nuclear physics research.}

Nuclear physics addresses many of the most important scientific questions which exist today.  We have listed in Chapter~\ref{sec:intro} what are considered internationally the key open questions in nuclear physics research today.
By making best use of its established expertise and strengths, and seeking to
contribute to the fields of greatest scientific opportunity, the Canadian
nuclear physics research community has self-selected where to best concentrate
its efforts.  In Chapter~\ref{sec:physics}, we have shown how the Canadian
research effort contributes to our better understanding of the solution to
these key questions, and the field is dynamic, with the community moving its
manpower and resources to the inquiries of highest scientific priority.

Despite this natural evolution and concentration of efforts, we caution that it is important to not make the Canadian research contributions too narrow.
Nuclear physics is a many-body problem, and history has shown that it is not
possible to predict where the next breakthrough will come from.  Surprises have come from what might otherwise have been considered to be straightforward
measurements, and advances towards the solution of one major question often
lead from progress in a complementary area.  

For example, many searches for
physics beyond the Standard Model depend on detailed knowledge of nuclear
matrix elements, and hence the field of fundamental symmetries depends greatly
on knowledge of nuclear structure.  In the astrophysical regime, the
determination of neutron star properties relies greatly on knowledge of the QCD equation of state.  There are also deep connections between the fields of
nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics, particularly for a better
understanding of the $r$-process abundance distribution, and also between nuclear 
structure and QCD, such as making the elusive connection between the $N-N$ potential mediated by mesons and the residual quark-gluon colour force.

Canadian participation and leadership in scientific experiments and developments at offshore rare isotope facilities should continue to be
supported. Canadian researchers have successful scientific programs
and are building detectors for various RIB facilities, including the new
major in-flight facilities at NSCL/FRIB in the USA and GSI/FAIR in
Germany, which enable a complementary science program to ISAC/ARIEL.

{\em We strongly recommend that a diverse program of experimental and theoretical
research excellence addressing all of the key questions of nuclear physics be
maintained in all funding scenarios.}\\[2ex]

{\bf Recommendation 3:
Fund the additional HQP needed to capitalize on new or recently-upgraded facilities}\\

Substantive progress towards the resolution of the key questions in nuclear physics requires
highly qualified personnel (HQP), including undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows (PDFs) and technical staff.  Despite this clear need, the community survey undertaken in the 2017--2021 Long Range Plan indicated that the subatomic physics community {\em ``has the capacity to train about 80\% more students, if additional funding were available''} \footnote{
\href{https://cinp.ca/sites/default/files/2020-03/Canadian_Subatomic_Physics_LRP_2017-2021.pdf}
{Canadian Subatomic Physics Long Range Plan 2017--2021, p.76}}.  This underutilized supervisory capacity was broad-based across all sub-disciplines of subatomic physics, and leads to lost innovation benefits to Canada.  Subatomic physics HQP generate the innovative ideas used to design, build, and operate experiments and facilities, devise improved algorithms to analyze collected data, and
create the numerical simulations to interface theoretical models with measurement data.   After graduation, the wide range of highly-valuable skills they gain from training in nuclear physics allows them contribute to Canadian innovation economy in multiple areas related to science and technology.

Recent strategic investments have enabled the development of several major new experimental facilities, with further planned investments described in Table~\ref{table:capital}.  The experimental studies enabled by these new facilities have very high scientific merit, and Canadians are well-placed to take advantage of these opportunities.
%text from gamma-ray brief
{\em It is essential that a corresponding increase be made to the NSERC Subatomic Physics
envelope to support the research teams that will drive the scientific output from these new facilities.}
Budgetary estimates are in Sec.~\ref{sec:optimal}.\\

Several examples of new facilities that will benefit from enhanced HQP include:
\begin{itemize}
%GH 20.10.14: revised wording following discussion

\item{At ISAC, CANREB beams are coming online, and new detectors have or are nearing completion such as:
the Electromagnetic Mass Analyser (EMMA) vacuum-mode recoil mass spectrometer (ramping up after first experiments in 2019), %the Ancillary detector for Rare-Isotope Event Selection (ARIES) the Regina Cube for Multiple Particles (RCMP, projected to be completed by 2022), 
%the proposed EXACT-TPC,
%GH: removed as it was not funded in 2020 competition
and the proposed Radioactive Molecules for Fundamental Physics (RAMS) facility.}

\item{The TRIUMF Ultra Cold Neutron EDM experiment has been quickly ramping up its activity, with the upgraded EDM experiment projected to be assembled in 2023, with running occurring for the next two to three years thereafter.}

\item{
%GH: Ritu objected to original wording
%A major new opportunity for Canadian leadership awaits with nEXO at SNOLAB, if selected by DOE as their next-generation neutrino-less double-beta decay experiment.
The DOE recently approved Critical Decision 0 (Mission Need) for a tonne-scale 0$\nu\beta\beta$ experiment, for which nEXO at SNOLAB is a strong candidate.
There has been significant Canadian leadership in EXO-200, and nEXO would be a major opportunity for future Canadian leadership.}

\item{In the USA, the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade is now complete, and Canadians are finally starting to see the fruits of their work in terms of high quality new data.}

\item{At CERN, the ALPHA-Canada Collaboration is embarking on a large expansion of its scientific program, with a focus on the two highest priority projects -- ALPHA-g and HAICU. Additional funds would allow them to take a greater role in other important programs, such as precision spectroscopy with the ALPHA-3 apparatus.}

\end{itemize}

The experimental studies enabled by these new facilities have very high scientific merit, 
as otherwise the cases for building them could not have been successfully made. 
Full scientific exploitation of these opportunities will require corresponding increases in 
investment, particularly for HQP.  Unless new investments of this nature are made,
the Canadian nuclear physics community could ultimately find itself unable to
capitalize on the new scientific opportunities provided by the major capital
investments which have been made in world-class experimental equipment.
\\[2ex]

{\bf Recommendation 4:
Leverage the scientific opportunities enabled by the completion of ARIEL}\\

The Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) is TRIUMF’s flagship project, conceived to ensure
Canada’s leadership role in rare isotope science. During the period covered by the
forthcoming Long Range Plan, ARIEL will move from construction to delivering science in a
phased approach that will see a significant increase in the quality and variety of available 
radioactive beams, and a tripling of the user beam time by 2031.  This will allow a large number of high priority measurements to more quickly move ahead.

To fully leverage these opportunities, Government of Canada support for TRIUMF to allow for {\em operational support necessary to fully exploit the science opportunities of ARIEL (9000 hours of RIB per year) is essential}.  Strategic investments by NSERC in the additional HQP needed to run the experiments, analyze the data, and disseminate the results in a timely fashion is also critical to maximize the scientific output.
\\[2ex]

{\bf Recommendation 5:
Position Canada for leadership in future international nuclear physics research}\\
%GH: committee discussed on Sept 24, and agreed EIC is only project that has received sufficient level of approval and expected Canadian participation to be listed

The Canadian nuclear physics program is grouped around several key questions
that are internationally recognized as being of high priority.
To advance our understanding of these key questions, it is understood that Canadians must be leading participants in the development of major international projects.
These potential future flagship endeavors should receive the strategic investments needed to position Canada for key leadership roles.

%GH 20.10.14: previous international projects added following discussion
Significant international nuclear physics projects with significant Canadian leadership contributions include Qweak and GlueX at Jefferson Lab and ALPHA at CERN.
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a major international facility on the future horizon, which will uniquely address profound questions about nucleons (neutrons and protons) and how they are assembled to form the nuclei of atoms.  Canadians have been involved in the planning of the EIC program for some time, and a Canadian was recently elected as International Representative on the EIC User's Group Steering Committee.  {\em A substantial involvement in the EIC project will confirm Canada's leadership role in scientific research and development.}
\\[2ex]

{\bf Recommendation 6:
Grow the nuclear physics research community}\\

The 15 years of the coming long range plan constitute a very substantial fraction of the career of most researchers.  Over this plan, therefore, there will be a large renewal of the senior researcher ranks of our field.  Substantial scientific opportunities in both theory and experiment, such as ARIEL and EIC listed above, but also at new international 
radioactive beam facilities like FRIB and FAIR, make the case for an expansion of investment in nuclear physics research at universities across Canada.

Historically, bridge faculty positions have proven to be an effective way to strategically grow research capacity in highly promising fields within Canadian universities.  Successful nuclear physics faculty bridge programs that have been used in Canada and abroad include: TRIUMF, RIKEN-BNL Research Center (open to Canadian institutions), FRIB Theory Alliance, and Jefferson Lab.

We encourage our community to seek innovative sources of funds for such positions, from national or international laboratories, provincial institutes, or foundations, so that the substantial scientific opportunities we see in the next 15 years can be best taken advantage of.  Because of the NSERC grant eligibility rule, such matching funds must be sought from outside the SAP envelope.

The TRIUMF bridge program has a long history of success, playing a vital role in the renewal and growth of the Canadian nuclear physics research community.  
We also support TRIUMF in seeking the funds to strengthen its bridge faculty program for the future.\\[2ex]
%\clearpage

{\bf Recommendation 7: Foster a funding environment which enables Canadian researchers to lead in science and discovery}\\

Canadian researchers are at the forefront of subatomic physics research.  To maintain this high level of performance in the years to come, it is essential for the range of funding opportunities and resources already in place be strengthened and expanded.

\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{(\alph{enumi})}
\begin{enumerate}

\item{Sufficient and versatile funding opportunities for both capital equipment and operational funding are essential to position Canadian researchers to react quickly to new research opportunities as they arise, but also the stability for planning with the long-term perspective necessary for major initiatives.  The interplay between NSERC, CFI and the new computing agency (\ref{sec:hpc}) needs to be strengthened, so that capital, operating fund and high performance computing resource decisions are coordinated and streamlined.

\begin{itemize}
    
\item{
%Given the limited funds available in the NSERC SAP envelope, it is essential that experimental 
%projects keep receiving CFI capital funds to maintain and enhance Canadian leadership in nuclear physics.  
%GH: text from MOLLER
To improve the effectiveness of CFI funding programs, we recommend the federal government  provide CFI with a stable, annual budget, that CFI start yearly IF competitions, and that CFI significantly reduce the IF evaluation overhead, removing stages and review instances.  
%GH: text from Ritu HE brief
%For large project contributions, the two-year fixed time cycle of IF competitions can cause
%time-matching difficulties.
%For international projects, where the contributions from Canadian teams can be at moderate
%scale, 
CFI institutional envelope restrictions often translate to a funding level gap, since the IF program has a lower cut-off for funds. 
Furthermore, the CFI-JELF program is of limited effectiveness, since it is typically directed to junior and senior career researchers at universities, leading to a gap in support for mid-career investigators.}

\item{
%GH: text from IRIS_TPC brief
NSERC-RTI support for small scale detector developments is important for
quick term small scale upgrades and/or perform proof of principle tests towards undertaking
a new major development.
%GH: text from laserspec brief
Unfortunately, the RTI success rate has been very low and its proportion of the SAP envelope is well below historic levels.
%GH: text from Francium brief
{\em It is essential to restore the flexibility of the SAP envelope, so that RTI-1 projects at the $\sim\$$200k scale can be funded with a reasonable success rate.
We see this as a strong rationale for an infusion of new funds to the envelope.}
}

\end{itemize}

Table~\ref{table:capital} lists the major experimental initiatives that will require significant capital funding if the promised substantial
improvements over current knowledge are to be realized.
The largest projects on the $\sim$2025--2030 planning horizon include:
\begin{itemize}
\item{nEXO at SNOLAB.}
\item{ISAC heavy ion storage ring with a neutron generator target.}
\item{Radioactive Molecules (RAMS) for fundamental physics facility at ISAC/ARIEL.}
\item{Canadian contributions to detectors at the Electron-Ion Collider.}
\end{itemize}
Opportunities may also arise at the next-generation in-flight facilities FRIB (USA) and FAIR (Germany), which will provide first beams during the period covered by this long range plan.

In summary, the future progress of experimental knowledge depends on continuing
investments in new experimental techniques and apparatus.  In many cases, these
investments have the further benefit of enabling technology-transfer to Canadian
industry.%\\[2ex]
}

\item{
%GH: from Fabrice
NSERC and TRIUMF should continue to provide technical resources and capabilities for supporting the construction of experiments, through their MRS program and the TRIUMF Science \& Technology department. 

TRIUMF is a unique resource that allows Canadians to lead in nuclear physics programs worldwide.  It
plays a major role as a national infrastructure support base to the Canadian offshore nuclear physics program, and its' international reputation in the quality of technical support provided is extremely high.  
For many years, these supports have included detector construction, electronics, DAQ, and cryogenics, and they are vital, for example, to CFI-funded projects destined offshore, such as ALPHA-g at CERN and Qweak at JLab.  Whenever possible, TRIUMF should attempt to provide subsidized-cost technical manpower.

The NSERC MRS-funded facilities at selected universities provide valuable 
technical supports that are available for use by all SAP researchers nationwide, irrespective of the location of the MRS-funded facility.  The MRS program supports the retention of technical expertise at universities, and plays a complementary role to TRIUMF’s Science and Technology department, whose resources are highly constrained.}

\item{
%GH: from Fabrice
Ongoing investments in detector
and accelerator R\&D are needed to assure the continued excellence of Canadian nuclear
physics research in coming decades, and to continue the positive impacts that fundamental research has had on Canadian society and industry.
Such funds are particularly needed as a seed for future projects and to explore improved technologies,
% new text from Makoto
including machine learning algorithm, quantum sensing and information technologies.
%, and a mechanism needs to be found for funding high-risk/high-payoff technology. Such a mechanism does not exist for basic research in Canada. 
Several areas of projected benefit include:
\begin{itemize}
%from ARIEL
\item {Accelerator R\&D in support of ARIEL targets for RIB production (materials, ion sources, etc.).}
%from Fabrice
\item{Precision manufacturing capabilities and cutting edge expertise in mechanical and electronics engineering, and data acquisition system (real-time computing) for gas detector and thin silicon detector technology for nuclear physics experiments.}
%from ALPHA
\item{Precision techniques needed to address fundamental physics questions.  Canada has traditionally strong expertise in low-energy precision measurements, and additional investments in this area could allow it to play a leading role.}
\end{itemize}
}
\end{enumerate}

\clearpage

\section{Budget estimates to implement recommendations
\label{sec:budget}}

The Canadian Subatomic Physics Long Range Plan Terms of Reference includes a requirement that {\em ``budgetary estimates, both for new capital investments as well as for operations, must be
provided as well, including funding ranges for prioritized endeavours. These ranges should
include funding levels that would allow for a restrained, yet efficient, contribution to the
ventures, as well as levels that would enable a more extensive contribution.''}
To provide the nuclear physics research community input to this eventual recommendation, the
CINP requested budgetary information from the nuclear physics community under
the two scenarios listed above.  These funds include resources needed from NSERC, CFI, other Canadian agencies, and international partners.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
%\vspace{-0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=5.25in]{Figs/NP_FTE_piechart.png}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\caption{\label{fig:recom_fte_piechart}
Division of grant-eligible investigator full-time-equivalent (FTE) research effort, collated from the submitted briefs to CINP as part of our consultation process.  Please note that investigator efforts from the TRIUMF Accelerator and Science \& Technology groups are not included.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The community response was very good.  Principal Investigators from 33
projects, representing 75 FTE faculty members from 19 universities and TRIUMF, submitted briefs, which included investigator full-time-equivalent (FTE) research effort (Fig.~\ref{fig:recom_fte_piechart}), and
projected NSERC operating and capital budgetary needs which were used to arrive at the estimates presented
in Tables~\ref{table:ops}, \ref{table:capital}.

\begin{table}[ht!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular*}{6.09in}{|p{1.8in}|p{0.8in}|p{0.75in}|p{1.0in}|p{0.88in}|}
%\begin{tabular}{|l|c|rr|c|}
\hline
     All figures for 2022--2027
  &  Investigator FTE & Restrained (minimum viable) & Optimal (more extensive) &
     Difference (optimal vs. restrained) \\
  &    & (\$k/yr) & (\$k/yr) & (\%) \\
\hline
Nuclear Theory         &   14.0 &   672 &  1109 &   65\\
\hline
ALPHA-3/g              &    7.4 &  1015 &  1400 &   38\\
nEXO                   &    7.5 &   912 &  1100 &   21\\
TUCAN                  &    6.0 &   550 &   900 &   64\\
JLab-Hadrons           &    3.7 &   306 &   395 &   29\\
JLab-MOLLER            &    4.0 &   400 &   520 &   30\\
EIC & 1.3$\rightarrow$ 4.2 & 143$\rightarrow$ 546 &  165$\rightarrow$ 655 & 20\\ 
ISAC/ARIEL Experiment  &   24.3 &  3750 &  5597 &   49\\
Neutron beam+CREX & 1.8$\rightarrow$ 0.9 &  205 &255 & 24\\
RIB Offshore           &    4.5 &   657 &   890 &   35\\
\hline
Experiment Total       &   60.9 &  8145 & 11467 &   41\\
\hline
\end{tabular*}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:ops} Projected NSERC operating costs per year and investigator FTE for 2022--2027.  Arrows indicate a ramp-up or ramp-down of expected effort during the 5 year period.
  Please note that we have not independently vetted any of these numbers, they are given 
  to us as a result of community consultations.  The sum may not add exactly to the total of the individual items due to time-averaging and rounding.}
\end{table}

\subsection{Restrained (minimum viable) scenario}

The minimum viable program is estimated at \$8.82 million operating per year (theory and experiment) and
does not address recommendations 1 and 3.  {\em In most cases, this corresponds to
what the research groups receive now.} In this restrained funding scenario, the
Canadian nuclear physics community could ultimately find itself unable to
capitalize on the new scientific opportunities  
and the major capital investments which have been made in world-class
experimental equipment both domestically and abroad.  Full exploitation of
these new scientific opportunities requires a corresponding increase in the
NSERC subatomic physics envelope to support the research teams that drive the
scientific output from these major capital investments.

\subsection{The optimal scenario
\label{sec:optimal}}

Based on the input received from the community, operating
investments estimated at \$12.5 million operating per year are needed to fully capitalize on the available scientific opportunities.  These figures represent a 5~year snapshot of projected needs (2022-2027), and where possible the expected ramp-up or ramp-down of activities is indicated by arrows.

The first line in Table~\ref{table:ops} shows the requested increases in nuclear theory
support, summed over the input received from 7 theory briefs representing 14 FTE researchers.
In the restrained scenario, nuclear theory operating grants are only 7.6\% of the nuclear physics total, well under the 15\% of funds threshold recommended in the 2017--21 Long Range Plan to maintain a vibrant theoretical physics effort.  Implementation of Recommendation 1 (optimal scenario) will enable improved postdoc and graduate support for Canadian nuclear theory researchers, and improve the collaboration between nuclear theory and experiment.
Table~\ref{table:ops} indicates a 65\% increase for 
Canadian nuclear theory researchers and represents a modest increase in
funding of only about \$440k over five years.  Clearly, a modest infusion of new funds would pay significant dividends, and this investment is clearly justified by the world-class talent that Canada has recently recruited from abroad.
If Canada is able to recruit
additional top talent, then this number would increase accordingly.

The remainder of Table ~\ref{table:ops} is dedicated to experimental work.
Several projects are ramping-up their activities, including EIC and the
RAMS project at ISAC/ARIEL, and hence have larger increases
The other experimental operations request increases of 33\% over the next 5 years,
primarily for an increase in students and postdocs needed for full scientific
exploitation of the newly operational equipment and substantive increases in
available beamtime expected over the next planning period.  
Including the new projects ramping up, 
we estimate the cost of recommendation 3 to be about \$3.3 million over five years, 
corresponding to an increase of 7.1\% per annum.  This infusion of funds
will ensure continuing Canadian leadership in these fields.

\subsection{Major capital investments
\label{sec:capital}}

\begin{table}[ht!]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular*}{5.99in}{|p{3.0in}|p{0.8in}|p{0.65in}|p{0.85in}|}
%\begin{tabular}{|l|c|rr|c|}
\hline
  &  CFI Capital (Total \$k) & Other Canadian (\$ k) & International Contribution (\$k) \\
\hline
Nuclear Theory Computation (Guelph)               &    482 &       &    \\
\hline
\underline{Canada-non-ISAC}                       &        &       &   \\     
ALPHA (HAICU CFI submitted Jan 2020)              &   4559 &  6839 &   \\ 
nEXO (CFI application submitted Jan 2020)         &   6500 &  6500 &  3600\\
nEXO (anticipated CFI in 2023, 2025)              &  20000 & 20000 & 240000\\
TUCAN He liquefier upgrade ($\sim$2024)           &   1500 &  2500 &   \\
\hline
\underline{ISAC/ARIEL Upgrades}                   &        &       &   \\
BeEST (starting 2021)                             &        &   100 &  4500\\
Fr EDM (ramp up starting 2021)                    &    300 &       &   \\
IRIS TPC (anticipated CFI 2023)                   &    768 &  1152 &   \\
Total Absorption Spectrometer ($\sim$2024)        &   1000 &  1500 &   \\     
Neutron Pseudo-Bar Array ($\sim$2025)             &    800 &  2000 &   \\ 
Radioactive Molecules RAMS (2021 $\rightarrow$ 2027) &  5000 &   &  5000\\
TITAN Upgrades (2021)                             &    700 &   130 &   \\
\hline
\underline{Offshore}                              &       &       &   \\
ALPHA (HAICU @ CERN $\sim$2025)                   &  5000 &  5000 &  2000\\
EIC (application $\sim$2024)                      & 1500--6000 &  &  \\ 
JLab-MOLLER (CFI submitted 2020)                  &  6000 &   120 &   \\
JLab-SoLID (construction 2023--2025)              &       &       &  1000\\
\hline
\underline{TRIUMF Storage Ring}                   &       &       &   \\
NFRF (Exploration 2023--2024)                     &       &   200 &   \\
NFRF (Transformation 2025--2026)                  &       &  6000 &   \\
Construction (2026--2029)                         & 35000 &  tbd.  & tbd.  \\
CFI-IOF (2030+)                                   &       &  2100 &   \\
\hline
Capital Total                                     & 95709 & 51941 & 256100\\
\hline
\end{tabular*}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:capital} Projected capital needs for the coming decade.
  Please note that we have not independently vetted any of these numbers, they are given 
  to us as a result of community consultations.  `Other Canadian' typically refers to provincial or NSERC-RTI funds.  `International Contributions' indicate the
  value of in-kind contributions or cash by foreign partners to Canada.}
\end{table}

Table~\ref{table:capital} lists the projected capital needs of the Canadian nuclear physics community for the next decade, including CFI-IF expected requests, other Canadian (typically provincial or NSERC-RTI) and international partner contributions.  
The success of these projects depends strongly on the acceptance of Recommendation 7, which is needed to position Canada well in terms of international scientific leadership in the coming decade.

In the near term, the largest new projects will be nEXO, MOLLER and HAICU, each of which have submitted funding requests in the current CFI-IF competition, and the Radioactive Molecules for Fundamental Physics (RAMS) project proposed for ISAC/ARIEL.  Smaller near term projects include BeEST, Fr EDM, and the TITAN Upgrade at ISAC.
For those projects with CFI applications currently under review, we anticipate they would re-apply in the next CFI-IF competition if funds are not awarded in 2020, leading to unchanged total capital needs through 2027.

By the middle of the decade, substantial requests are projected to come for a new Total Absorption Spectrometer for use in $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy, a Neutron Pseudo-Bar Array, the IRIS TPC at ISAC, the TUCAN liquefier upgrade, and Canadian contributions to EIC detectors, with a smaller request for SoLID.
And a large project, accounting for roughly $\frac{1}{3}$ of the total projected capital needs for the next decade, would be the TRIUMF Storage Ring described in Sec.~\ref{sec:isacupgrade}.\\

Some details on the near and medium-term projects with projected cost $\gtrapprox\$$2M:
\begin{itemize}
\item{
%GH: text from nEXO Brief
In 2019, the DOE announced CD-0 (Mission Need) for a tonne-scale 0$\nu\beta\beta$ experiment, which will likely have a total cost of about US\$240M. 
It is widely anticipated that this experiment would be located at SNOLAB, and 
assuming nEXO will be selected by DOE in the next year, construction would take place 
2022--2027, with data taking to start shortly thereafter.
During the construction phase of nEXO, nEXO Canada expects to request additional support from CFI in the 2023 and 2025 IF competitions, as listed in Table~\ref{table:capital}.}
\item{
%GH: updated text from Michael
MOLLER has received CD-1 (Design, Schedule and Cost Range) from DOE, and will be additionally funded through a US\$6M NSF mid-scale grant
and a \$6M CFI IF proposal that was submitted for the ongoing 2020 competition. The CFI proposal requests
funding to contribute the main detector array and electronics. The overall capital cost of MOLLER is about
US\$40M. The Canadian group plans to complete design and prototype testing within the next year, proceed
to construction by 2022, and begin commissioning and data taking sometime shortly after 2025. MOLLER
data taking would take place 2025--2030, depending on the flow of funds, and the completion of construction and commissioning.}
\item{
%GH: new text from Makoto
In the next decade, HAICU will enable an ambitious series of developments of quantum
sensing techniques to dramatically improve the precision of antihydrogen-hydrogen symmetry
tests. A CFI-IF proposal has been submitted for the initial phase of development, which will
take place in Canada and use atomic hydrogen as a proxy for antihydrogen. In future phases
(beyond 2025), the new techniques are expected to be deployed to CERN, and ALPHA-Canada expects to request additional support from CFI, as listed in Table~\ref{table:capital}.}
\item{
%GH: text from RAMS brief
The proposed RAMS program is extensive: $1)$ Permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) in molecules, sensitive to the electron’s EDM; $2)$ Parity violation in molecules, sensitive to the weak interaction between electrons and quarks, and $N-N$ weak interactions ; $3)$ $P$,$T$ violating nuclear Schiff moments.  Experimental setups of the initial proposed program are currently in development in the USA (MIT, CalTech), UK (Edinburgh) and 
TRIUMF and are planned to be ready by 2022.  The search for 
EDMs is expected to start in 2025 and continue with gradually improved precision for 3 to 5 years.}

\item{
%%GH: text from Gamma-Ray brief w/additional info from Carl Svensson
The Gamma-Ray collaboration is currently investigating the development of a next-generation Total Absorption
Spectrometer (TAS), optimized for studies of extremely neutron-rich nuclei at ISAC/ARIEL.
The ISAC-TAS would be designed specifically with the goal of studying the $\beta$ decays of the
extremely neutron-rich nuclei to be provided by the ARIEL photofission driver, and be complementary
to the high-resolution TIGRESS and GRIFFIN spectrometers based on High-Purity Germanium
(HPGe) detectors.  The total capital cost of the ISAC-TAS, including crystals, PMT’s/SIPMs, tape station, implantation detector and digital electronics is estimated to be approximately \$2.5M, with the plan being to request these funds over the 2024--2026 period, with the facility in operation at TRIUMF by late 2026/early 2027.
%This would complement the other Canadian-led detector projects for ISAC listed in Table~\ref{table:capital}.
}
\item{
%GH: text from Greg Christian Brief
The envisioned pseudo-bar neutron detector will be constructed of p-terphenyl using a similar concept to TexNEUT. The applications of the array will be complementary to existing
neutron detectors such as DESCANT, and targeted towards time-of-flight neutron
spectroscopy with high resolution, high granularity, and $n/\gamma$ pulse shape discrimination. The array
is expected to be sensitive to neutrons with energies of a few hundred keV up to $\sim$10 MeV. In
addition to transfer reactions, the array will also be suitable for in-flight neutron decay spectroscopy,
$\beta$-delayed neutron spectroscopy, and direct measurements of astrophysical $(\alpha, n)$ or $(p, n)$ reactions.}
\item{
%GH: revised text from Ritu
The IRIS TPC project will advance the scope of reactions with rare isotopes, complementing the capabilities with existing active targets at other laboratories.  Its advantageous feature (particularly for improved gas amplification) using thick GEMs and MICRO-Mesh-Gaseous Structure (Micromegas) will allow use of pure H$_2$ and
D$_2$ gases, enabling measurements with low background.
The physics program will complement the TIGRESS+EMMA program by extending the reach to more
exotic nuclei and the neutron unbound states than possible by $\gamma$-ray detection.}
\item{
%GH; text from TUCAN brief
During the EDM run anticipated to begin 2023, the TUCAN Collaboration expects to reach the limits
of the TRIUMF Meson Hall helium liquefier, and is considering an upgraded
liquefier facility, which could be requested from CFI and other sources.
}
\item{
%GH: text from EIC brief
For the next 5 years, the Canadian EIC development activities will focus on simulation and computing infrastructure, polarimetry, and calorimetry.  
By 2026, EIC Canada anticipates the acceptance of their Expression of Interest in international detector development
efforts (submitted in late 2020), and to be at the start of the construction
phase of a major Canadian detector component of between \$1.5--6M.  Installation, data taking, and initial physics are expected to begin near the end of the decade.}
\end{itemize}

Regarding the ambitious TRIUMF Storage Ring Project:
\begin{itemize}
%GH: text from TriSR brief
\item{The next 5 years will be used to seek funding for a machine study via a 3-year NSERC Project
Grant (to be submitted in 2021) and potentially an NFRF (New Frontiers in Research Fund). If the project grant receives funding, the project could start in April 2022.
In this case, 2022 would be the start of beam dynamic calculations, followed by the definition of a Physics program (White paper); Design of cavities, electron cooler, gas target, neutron generator, RF cavity design, magnet design, power supplies specifications, vacuum system layout, electron cooler specifications, and beam diagnostics design.}
\item{
By 2024--25, the Technical Design Report (TDR) is expected to be finished, including budget; CFI Project Preselection phase at partner university; Submission of Letter of Intent, and Submission of CFI grant for storage ring and neutron generator (project cost C\$30--40 million).
If CFI funding is successful, the start of the construction would be in 2026, with the first commissioning of the storage ring with beam expected within 3 years (in 2029/30). Taking
at least 1 year for full commissioning, the facility could be fully operational for first physics (Day-0) experiments in 2031.
With an external ion source, the neutron generator could be installed and tested with part of
the beamlines earlier, potentially by 2028.}
\item{
For the operating costs after finalization of the construction, CFI-IOF funds would be sought.
For a project size of C\$35 million, this would mean a request of C\$10.5 million over 5 years, from 2030--34.
The additional staff from TRIUMF Accelerator Division required for the long-term operation
of the new facility as well as other operational requirements would require a substantial increase of
the NRC contributions to TRIUMF from 2026 on (i.e. in the next TRIUMF 5-Year-Plan, 2025-30 and
following).}
\end{itemize}
