%\chapter{Demographics, HQP training, and Benefits to Society \label{sec:hqp}}
\chapter{The Human Element: Positive impacts on Canadian society
\label{sec:hqp}}

Investments in the Canadian nuclear physics community positively impact society through technological innovations and in the training of Highly Qualified Personnel (HQP).  These benefits include, but are not limited to, the diagnosis and treatment of disease through isotope production, radiation therapies, and detector development applicable to dosimetry in medical and space applications.  Nuclear physicists, as explorers of the ''inner space'' frontier, are quite successful in promoting science to the general public.  As we explore this new frontier, we endeavor not to repeat the mistakes of the past by acknowledging the need to be proactive in overcoming inequities and to eliminate systemic barriers caused by explicit or unconscious biases, not only because diversity improves research excellence.  By participating in a fundamental research project which is technically demanding and contextually fascinating, students have the opportunity to broaden their experience and hone their skills in preparation for the transition to the workforce.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
	\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.52\columnwidth]{Figs/benefits.PNG}
	\caption{Fundamental nuclear research has far-reaching benefits to Canadians.}
	\label{hqpfig:benefits}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
	\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{Figs/hqp_collage.PNG}
	\caption{Images of Canadian undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral researchers.}
	\label{hqpfig:hqp_collage}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{minipage}{.75\textwidth}
The images in Fig. \ref{hqpfig:hqp_collage} are of undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and a few advisors.  These highly qualified personnel come from all over the world, and study at Universities across Canada.  In order to successfully complete their work, they must become proficient in a myriad of skills.  More information is given below (see image key to right).
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{.25\textwidth}
%\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{Figs/hqp_collage_key.PNG}
  \end{center}
%	\caption{Key for the images.}
%	\label{hqpfig:collage_key}
%\end{flushright}
\end{minipage}

\begin{enumerate}
\item{Undergraduate student Beryl Bell, Sean Vanbergen and Matthew Palmer stacking the final neutron-moderating graphite bricks during the installation of the prototype UCN source.}
\item{UBC undergraduate student David Cole Bunch with the device used to measure the magnetization of various samples.}
\item{Undergraduate student Aditya Babu is calibrating the GRIFFIN Spectrometer for future measurements. Photo courtesy of TRIUMF.}
\item{Regina summer student working on SiPM saturation tests at JLab.}
\item{Coburg University undergraduate student Fabian Piermaier measuring the field of a large degaussing magnet.}
\item{Canadian members of the TUCAN collaboration visiting a cryogenic testing facility  at KEK, Japan. Left to right: Steve Sidhu (PhD candidate, SFU), Sean Vanbergen (PhD candidate, UBC), Eric Miller (PDF, UBC).}
\item{Melissa Mitchell(left) and Dr. Taraneh Andalib (right), with the Cs D2 laser used for precision  magnetometer development at U. Winnipeg.}
\item{UBC grad student (then) Andrea Gutierrez transferring liquid helium into the ALPHA experiment at CERN.}
\item{CINP summer student, Skyler Freeman, constructing the ALPHA-g TPC prototype at the TRIUMF detector facility.}
\item{ Wolfgang Klassen and Nick Masai graduate students at University of Manitoba.}
\item{PhD student Maedeh Lavvaf and Postdoctoral researcher Mark McCrae (Manitoba) mapping the magnetic field in the area for the future nEDM experiment.}
\item{D. Muecher and V. Bildstein (Guelph) with postdoctoral  researcher Hadi Behnamian and Ph.D. students Eva Kasanda and Christina Burbadge working at  TRIUMF.}
\item{Ph.D. student Satbir Kaur shown working in RIBF Japan. She graduated and took a job as Data Scientist in PEI; received her degree from Dalhousie University.}
\end{enumerate}


\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``During my PhD at Dalhousie University (and Saint Mary's University) my opportunity  to work at international labs (GSI and RIKEN) helped me master critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It helped me master data analysis, data visualization and
 presentation skills. All these skills are very helpful in projects at my current 
job as a data scientist at Iwave on Prince Edward Island.''\\
Dr. Satbir Kaur (PhD, Dalhousie University), Data Scientist, Iwave, Prince Edward Island
}
}
\end{center}


\section{Equity, Diversity and Inclusion}

The CINP applauds the development of the the Dimensions program to increase equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in post-secondary institutions, and we agree that diversity, which positively contributes to research excellence, is one of Canada’s strengths.  While our current lack of diversity in the field is a highly complex issue, without any easy solutions, we can make significant contributions toward developing an inclusive climate, providing effective mentoring and coaching, and addressing implicit bias. There is a need for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) to promote underrepresented groups in particular women, persons of colour, persons with disabilities and Indigenous People in subatomic physics and related fields.  This is a monumental undertaking that involves all of academia, and society as a whole.  Nuclear physics research attracts highly qualified people from diverse backgrounds into the country, and our outreach efforts seed the idea of diversity in science to younger generations.  The nuclear physics community in Canada recognizes that in order to achieve demographics similar to that of Canada as a whole, there is a need to work to improve EDI, and that measurement is needed to understand our current status and to gauge the effect of actions taken within our community.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
	\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figs/demographics_academia.PNG}
	\caption{The racial/ethnic and sex distribution of faculty varied by academic rank at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in fall 2017.  From the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2019). The Condition of Education 2019 (NCES 2019-144).}
	\label{hqpfig:demographics}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
	\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{Figs/MAnderson_JMartin.png}
	\caption{Melissa Anderson as an undergraduate student at the University of Winnipeg.  She grew up in Fox Lake Cree Nation and came to Winnipeg when she was 16 years old, and is a mother of three. She worked with Jeff Martin on TUCAN.}
	\label{hqpfig:manderson}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.85\textwidth}{
``In summer of 2016, I had my first experience working in research. It was with Dr. Jeff Martin, a nuclear physicist and I was awarded an Undergraduate Student Research Award with NSERC. During the summer, I helped with the first design for a magnetic coil to be used with the neutron Electric Dipole Moment experiment at TRIUMF. I learned to use COMSOL software and made several designs during the summer.  Also, I used FEA software called FEMM to analyze the designs for the magnetic fields while varying the currents and number of turns to find the most ideal homogeneous magnetic field.
During this summer, I learned how it is to work in the research field. Dr. Martin and his team, including the undergraduates and graduate students, would meet once a week to update each other of how your activities are coming along and give each other ideas on what to try. I really liked the environment of how the team worked. When I would need direction with my project, I did not feel intimidated to ask Dr. Martin because I didn’t know how to do something. He was always happy to help or teach me something. I liked how we were all a team and working toward a certain goal with attempting different trials and techniques and learning new things. I knew I wanted to work in this type of field and made my decision to go to graduate school afterward. 
In the October of that year, I received a travel grant from University of Wisconsin to attend the AIP DNP conference in Vancouver. I was able to go on a tour of the TRIUMF lab. I presented my poster twice at the conference. This experience added to my decision to attend graduate school.''\\
Melissa Anderson (University of Manitoba, MSc 2022)
%\vspace{2ex}
}
}
\end{center}


As stated in the Dimensions Charter, we also recognize that diversity has many facets, among them parental status/responsibility, ethnicity, socio-economic status and gender.   Figure \ref{hqpfig:demographics}\footnote{\url{https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_csc.asp}} shows a breakdown of the racial/ethnic and sex of academic faculty (all fields) in the USA.  In 2017, 76\% of the 1.5 million faculty were white.  Note that there are twice as many male full Professors as as female, though the ratio is better for the lower ranks.  It should be noted that this data includes all fields, and the ratio of female to male faculty in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields is not as even.  It is difficult to find similar statistics for the field of nuclear physics, or even Canadian academic institutions as a whole.

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``I learned a lot beyond the scope of research by having a female advisor. I saw a glimpse into the extra work that minority faculty members face in universities (discussed more below). My particular advisor was involved in EDI and outreach programs. One of these programs focuses on bringing indigenous high school students to the University of Manitoba to experience different science programs with the hope of encouraging those individuals to pursue scientific studies. Participating in these outreach programs gave a better understanding of what other people experience within Canada. The importance of outreach programs aimed to increase EDI also became more noticeable.''\\
Brynne Blaikie (MSc, University of Manitoba, 2022)
}
}
\end{center}

According to Statistics Canada\footnote{\url{https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/topics-start/gender_diversity_and_inclusion}}, women form a higher proportion of people in post-secondary enrollment (56\%), and post-secondary qualifications (51.6\%), yet have lower overall labour force participation and employment rates.  In 2016, less than 1/5 of leadership roles were held by women.  One possibly related statistic is that women still report spending a larger proportion of their time in unpaid domestic and care work compared to men.  When we consider STEM fields in particular, we find the proportion of female students was only 44\% (compared to 64\% in non-STEM fields).  We take the view from S. Barkanova\footnote{XXIX International Symposium on Lepton Photon Interactions at High Energies - LeptonPhoton2019 August 5-10, 2019 \url{https://inspirehep.net/literature/1774988}}, that ``Since there is a significant body of research on factors affecting young women’s career choices, but much less data on Indigenous and rural youth, we build on the common assumption that 'what works for women works for everyone', for now.'' Indigenous students such as Melissa Anderson (see Fig. \ref{hqpfig:manderson}) are interested in nuclear physics, and we need to work to improve the outcomes for these students \footnote{\url{https://news-centre.uwinnipeg.ca/  feature-story/physics-student-presents-particle-research-to-world-leading-scientists/}}.

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``I started a PDF at the University of Guelph in September 2013. In 2015 I got a full time joint PDF with the support of Paul Garrett at the University of Guelph, Iris Dillmann at TRIUMF, and Luis Lehner at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. These positions gave me the opportunity to enhance my expertise, start new collaborations in Canada, supervise HQP, and build an independent research program. In 2015 I received adjunct faculty status at Guelph, which allowed me to apply for my first NSERC Discovery Grant in 2015. Through this funding I was promoted to Assistant Professor under a contractual limited appointment. In 2019 I was converted to a tenure-track faculty position. In 2020 I successfully renewed my NSERC DG. Since my first appointment at Guelph I have supervised more than 15 students, taught at the undergraduate and graduate levels, support under-represented groups in our Department, and maintain a vibrant research program in theoretical nuclear astrophysics.''\\
Dr. Liliana Caballero (PDF,  University of Guelph),  Assistant Professor, University of Guelph, Ontario
}
}
\end{center}

Recruitment plays a critical part of improving EDI.   Advertisements are designed to reach a broad and diverse candidate pool that includes members of underrepresented groups such as visible minorities, women, people with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and members of the LGBTQ2+ community.  Care is taken to avoid biased or gendered language in the text of ads, as well as to avoid implicit and explicit biases in the selection and interview processes.  A number of groups require interviewers to complete the Canada Research Chair Unconscious Bias training module\footnote{\url{https://www.chairschaires.gc.ca/program-programme/equity-equite/bias/module-eng.aspx?}}.  
In order to improve recruitment, we need to be able to demonstrate a welcoming work environment.

To this end, it would be beneficial to foster an inclusive working environment, provide support for childcare via flexible working hours and locations, as well as accommodation of working styles and caregiver responsibilities.  The development of online work and training opportunities triggered by the COVID-19 situation could be seen as a test of telecommuting as a way to provide an inclusive environment.  Online technology and automation can support research of persons with limited functional mobility as well. As a resource for the nuclear physics community in Canada, part of the TRIUMF values\footnote{\url{https://fiveyearplan.triumf.ca/about-triumf/vision-mission-values/}} is `Equity \& Inclusion' -  where the importance of empowerment, an inclusive work environment, teamwork and open communication in recognized as necessary to ensure that everyone belongs and all voices are heard.  The goal is to respect each other, take care of each other, and support the success of all.

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``One of the advantages of performing my graduate studies at Simon Fraser University is that I had direct access to TRIUMF. This allowed me to not only preform my own research, but I was able to participate in numerous other experiments. Additionally, I got to observe the day to day workings at TRIUMF that not only include preparations for upcoming experiments, but also preparations for long-term advancements as the beginnings of ARIEL were in the works. My experiences at Simon Fraser and at TRIUMF prepared me for the work that I am doing now as a Project Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. I know how to utilize all of the resources that are at my disposal. I also recognize the importance of building strong collaborations with fellow researches both locally and at other institutions to create the necessary support to generate a solid scientific program. I feel confident in my career moving forward.''\\
Dr. Jennifer Pore (PhD, Simon-Fraser University, 2016), Project Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
}
}
\end{center}

As part of our commitment to improve EDI in the nuclear physics community, the CINP Board unanimously approved a Policy on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion on September 19, 2019.  The policy is as follows: ``The CINP is committed to ensuring equitable access to its resources and promoting equity, diversity and inclusion in the nuclear physics community in Canada, recognizing that this will contribute to more robust research and education outcomes''  The board also plans to officially modify the Education and Training Scientific Working Group Terms of Reference to include issues related to EDI.  Among the proposed additional goals are to promote equity, diversity and inclusion in accord with the CINP Policy, to provide information about EDI training opportunities to the CINP members, and to collect and report data regarding EDI within the Canadian Nuclear Physics community.  In addition, the CINP will explore the possibility of endorsing the Dimensions Charter as a professional organization and is formulating plans to reach out to CAISES - Canadian American Indian Science and Engineering Society.  We are exploring the possibility of a scholarship for underrepresented minorities without violating the relevant Human Rights Codes.  We recommend that a joint survey with IPP for demographics of SAP community - initially as part of LRP process, but also as an ongoing endeavor to understand the effectiveness of our efforts to improve EDI.  



\section{Outreach}

Outreach is an essential element in increasing overall enrollments in STEM fields, as well as improving equity, diversity and inclusion in academia and in nuclear physics in particular.  To paraphrase Bloom's Taxonomy of learning domains (cognitive, psychomotor and affective) , we must appeal to three aspects of our (future) students - knowledge, skills and attitude.  Outreach is an opportunity not only to impart interesting facts, and to provide the opportunity to try something new, but perhaps most importantly, to influence the feelings of the public toward science.  This can be particularly important for underrepresented minorities, who may not ``see'' themselves in a particular field, which can influence their ability to succeed in that field.  Astrophysics and nuclear and particle physics are fascinating and provide a wide range of excellent public engagement opportunities.  The subatomic physics community has a large percentage of researchers that participate in outreach activities, including participation in existing programs such as the Verna J. Kirkness Program, performing demonstrations for classes in their local schools, such as the ``Science Kids on Campus at the University of Winnipeg'' or youth groups like Girl Guides.  Some have even spearheaded their own efforts, such as the integrative approach to STEM outreach by combining science and culture led by Dr. Barkanova, a professor at Grenfell campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland in Corner Brook.  We will highlight the Kirkness Program and Dr. Barkanova's work.

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\begin{center}
%		\includegraphics[trim={0 4.5cm 0 3cm},width=\columnwidth]{Figs/hqp_summary.PNG}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{Figs/svetlana_girl_guides.jpg}
	\caption{A Physics outreach event with Girl Guides at MUN.}
	\label{hqpfig:outreach_GG}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

The Verna J. Kirkness Program\footnote{\url{http://www.vernajkirkness.org/}} is dedicated to ``Increasing the number of First Nations, M\'{e}tis and Inuit students graduating from science and engineering programs in Canada.''  This program brings Indigenous high-school students into the research lab during the summer months and gives them a taste of how actual science is done. It is an excellent experience for both the high-school students and the scientists, who in this case are both younger students and senior researchers. It has a positive impact in both outreach by fostering ties between the university and community, and has the potential to encourage Indigenous high-school students to attend university and study science, and possibly even physics.  Dr. Juliette Mammei has hosted students as part of this program every year since she began as an assistant professor at the University of Manitoba, nearly as long as the program has been going on at the university.  She designed a curriculum of table-top experiments to introduce the students to nuclear physics.  Among other things, the students determine both the charge and the mass of an electron via the Millikan Oil Drop experiment and the Thomson e/m experiment.  The week culminates with the contruction of a could chamber which the students use to detect cosmic rays.  Other institutions around the country are also considering participation with a nuclear physics program.

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``I’m currently a PhD candidate in the Netherlands using a supercomputer to simulate the atmospheric boundary layer and large-scale wind farms. However, my first research projects were in subatomic physics, with NSERC/IPP/CERN summer awards. Though the physics I do now is more applied, I wouldn’t be here without the foundation that I received at the Grenfell campus of the Memorial University of Newfoundland. The professors always had an open door, put in the time, and genuinely wanted us to succeed. Not only did I gain research and computing skills which I use to this day, but I also learned that great things were not out of reach.''\\
Jessica Strickland (B.Sc. Memorial University, Grenfell), PhD candidate at University of Twente, Netherlands
}
}
\end{center}


Another example is the LGBTQ+ advocacy of Dr. Wouter Deconinck, also in the Manitoba group. Since 2009, Deconinck has been an effective ally for LGBTQ+ physicists. As a long-time organizing member of the LGTB+Physicists organization, Deconinck regularly leads round-tables and mentoring events for gender and sexual minorities at the annual meetings of the APS and at other conferences. He co-authored the 2012 ``LGBT+ Best Practices Guide for Physics and Astronomy Departments'' and the 2016 APS report ``LGBT Climate in Physics: Building an Inclusive Community'', the first comprehensive study of the climate faced by LGBTQ+ physicists at various stages in their career.  At the University of Manitoba, Deconinck is the chair of the Departmental Equity, Diversity and Inclusion committee. 

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``They are the only two subatomic physicists in the province, both at Grenfell Campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland, and I was lucky to have them as my mentors. Drs. Aleksejevs and Barkanova classroom environment allows students to be comfortable and develop confidence, along with the aspiration to become physicists. They encourage their students to network extensively and provide research opportunities funded from all kinds of sources such as NSERC, CINP and IPP summer scholarships.
 
As an Indigenous student, being funded for the summer has brought me incredible research and learning opportunities such as working to develop theory input for an experiment at Jefferson Lab. Being a minority in the field can be sometimes difficult, but with the guidance of Dr. Aleksejevs and Dr. Barkanova, who is also a huge advocate for women within the STEM community, there has been an increase in the number of research opportunities and the number of physics students, so I feel much more like a part of a team now.''\\
Nicholas O'Neil (student, Memorial University, Grenfell)
}
}
\end{center}
A high percentage of MUN students are Indigenous, especially in Corner Brook (a home to Grenfell Campus of MUN) which has 24\% Indigenous population, and many of them have been helping with science outreach activities. The program led by Dr. Barkanova, a professor at Grenfell campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland in Corner Brook is performed in partnership with NSERC PromoScience, Qalipu First Nation, Parks Canada, and NL Hydro\footnote{XXIX International Symposium on Lepton Photon Interactions at High Energies - LeptonPhoton2019 August 5-10, 2019 \url{https://inspirehep.net/literature/1774988}}. The main goal is to promote physics to Indigenous students, girls, and rural youth in Newfoundland. The team welcomes underrepresented youth on campus, leads events in parks, visits rural schools, and hosts webinars with a diverse group of speakers. The team also develops resources for teachers and coordinate the science outreach content with the existing provincial school curriculum aiming to include more subatomic physics content. The partners from Qalipu First Nation, one of the largest First Nation groups in Canada and the community partners on this science-outreach project, collect and incorporate relevant Indigenous knowledge such as stories related to the sky, help with networking, and collaborate on school visits and public events. From May 2021, Grenfell campus of MUN will also join Kirkness program, providing an opportunity for reciprocated learning experiences between High School Indigenous students from western Newfoundland and Labrador and Grenfell students and researchers in science, engineering and the social sciences.  Dr. Barkanova notes, however, that while their science outreach activities are well-funded (thanks to NSERC PromoScience Grant and community and industry partners), they are struggling to find enough funding for their graduate students and postdocs, with many excellent candidates from equity-seeking groups being rejected due to budgetary constraints.


\section{Overview of the skills acquired in nuclear physics training}

Low and intermediate-energy nuclear physics experiments provide an ideal training ground for producing the technically savvy future generations of innovators.  These smaller scale experiments give graduate students the opportunity to participate more fully in the overall experiment.  They have a larger role in the collaboration, have the opportunity to gain experience with all aspects of the project, including the design, simulation, hardware development, measurement and data analysis.  Due to the shorter time scale of nuclear physics experiments, students often get to participate in nearly every stage of the project, from conception to final results, and often take on leadership roles within the collaboration. In the process of building and running new facilities, designing and performing experiments and interpreting data, future scientists and engineers receive the training necessary to generate new ideas.  This approach also cultivates valuable leadership skills.   
\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.85\textwidth}{
``In the four years since I joined Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) as a research scientist, I have contributed to a wide range of projects, such as reactor physics experiments, neutron scattering experiments, muon tomography, neutron generator and detector design, probabilistic safety analysis, and studies of isotopic signatures for nuclear fuels. My work has applications in nuclear safety, security, and non-proliferation, as well as the operation, maintenance, and design of nuclear reactors. I had no direct experience in any of these subjects when I started work at CNL in 2016; my prior research experience had focused on modelling high-order corrections to nuclear processes (Acadia University 2007, TRIUMF 2008-2009) and Beyond-the-Standard-Model theories of the Higgs boson and dark matter (Carleton University 2009-2015). However, while the subject of analytical and computational modelling may change, the required skillset remains the same. My experience in theoretical nuclear and high-energy particle physics research allowed me to develop an adaptable skillset including: a broad spectrum of high-level physics, mathematics, and statistics; analytical modelling and algorithm development; programming, simulation, and analysis techniques; communication, leadership, teamwork, mentoring, and international collaboration.''\\
Dr. Katy Hartling (PhD, Carleton University), Research Scientist, Computational Techniques Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories 
}
}
\end{center}

As an example, consider Dr. Thomas McElroy (PDF, McGill, transitioning to U. Alberta) who has been leading the development of the LoLX project. He co-organized the first LoLX collaboration meeting and he pushed design and construction of LoLX Phase-I. In May 2020, to help students cope with the CORONA situation and prepare them for a summer of remote research projects.  Thomas organized a Canada-wide online training for incoming summer students to help them get started with their summer projects. In total 271 students registered for these training sessions, and typically 150-200 students attended each lecture. Thomas recruited excellent teachers for these lectures such as the 2019 CAP-TRIUMF Vogt Medal recipient Dr. Scott Oser. The event was broadly advertised to the community by CINP, IPP, and CAP DPP.

\begin{table}[ht!]
     \begin{center}
     \begin{tabular}{ p{4cm}  p{12cm}  }
     \includegraphics[width=0.35\columnwidth]{Figs/TMcElroy.jpg}
	&
	%\raisebox{0.6\height}{\colorbox{teal}{
	%\parbox{0.65\textwidth}{\textcolor{white}{
	\raisebox{0.6\height}{\colorbox{lightblue}{
	\parbox{0.65\textwidth}{\textcolor{black}{
``The training in nuclear physics that I received in grad school and continued through my postdoctoral research has given me a valuable knowledge base. This knowledge allows me to broaden my research scope and strengthen my abilities in contributing to the next generation of rare event searches.''\\
Dr. Thomas McElroy (PhD, University of Alberta, 2018), Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Alberta\\ \\ Picture at left: Dr. McElroy in the Brunner Neutrino Lab (McGill University) next to the assembled LoLX detector.}
}
}}
      \end{tabular}
      \end{center}
      \end{table}

Highly qualified personnel trained in nuclear physics go on to be responsible for discoveries and technologies that will have an impact on our society in future, including significant roles in addressing societal demands on energy production and pollution reduction through development of new nuclear power plants.  Nuclear physics has lead to many advances in computing, imaging for medical diagnosis and other applications as well as treatment of cancer with radiotherapy.  Students are trained with advanced computing techniques such as machine learning, and they will be trained to use quantum computers as they become available.   

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\begin{center}
%		\includegraphics[trim={4cm 6cm 4cm 20cm},width=\columnwidth]{figs/skills.pdf}
		\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figs/skills.png}
	\caption{Non-exhaustive summary of skills gained during training in nuclear physics research.}
	\label{hqpfig:skills}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

In the study of nuclear physics, students become proficient in a wide variety of skills in addition to acquiring knowledge related to various fields such as chemistry, electricity, high vacuum and computer systems.  Examples of some types of skills include those listed in Figure \ref{hqpfig:skills}.  Many students go on to successful careers as professors or staff scientists at national and international facilities, while others leverage these skills in positions outside of academia in industries such as nuclear power, medical physics and even finance.   Some recent graduates from the ALPHA program, for example, have gone into the field of Data Science, Oceanography modelling and Science Communications.

In addition to the hard skills described above, training in nuclear physics requires the development of a number of "soft" skills that are essential to success in the workplace of tomorrow.  The World Economic Forum released the Future of Jobs Report in January 2016\footnote{\url{https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs}},  The report summarized the annual meeting which had a theme of ``Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution''.  Chief human resources and strategy officers from leading global employers reported on the changing economy and provided a comparison of the most desired skills in 2015 compared to those which would be required by 2020.  Complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, people management, coordinating with others. judgement and decision making, negotiation and service orientation appear on both lists.  As the workplace evolves, emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility are deemed to become more important than quality control and active listening.

\begin{center}
\colorbox{lightblue}{
\parbox{0.80\textwidth}{
``During my 3 years as a postdoctoral fellow at TRIUMF I have been part of the Gamma Spectroscopy Group, focusing on the decay station GRIFFIN. As one of the senior PDF of the group, I was in charge of supervising a small group of graduate and undergraduate students that worked on my own research program. This has given me extensive supervision and management skill and a taste of what it means leading a research group. The experience acquired at TRIUMF has allowed me to obtain a prestigious CERN fellowship. When I move to ISOLDE-CERN, I will be in charge of the ISOLDE Superconducting Solenoid, where I will continue with my program researching the nuclear structure of exotic isotopes.''\\
Dr. Bruno Olaizola (PDF, TRIUMF), CERN Fellowship, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
}
}
\end{center}

The scale of projects in nuclear physics is often such that graduate students can be involved with ``negotiation'' and acquisition of parts/services.  They are also trained in technical/scientific writing and presentation.  Students are trained in scientific ethics.  By including our HQP in outreach efforts, they also learn to support EDI.  

\section{Canadians in nuclear physics}

Canadian researchers in nuclear physics have the skills and training to participate in a wide variety of applications.  Due to their training and background, Canadian nuclear physicists were able to quickly respond to the challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic by developing low-cost ventilators\footnote{\url{https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/easy-build-ventilators}}, using their 3D printers to create face shields for hospital workers\footnote{\url{https://leaderpost.com/news/local-news/university-of-regina-offers-to-make-face-shield-headbands-using-3d-printer}}, and data modeling of COVID-19\footnote{\url{https://events.uvic.ca/physics/view/event/event_id/49979}}.

As a part of our consultations for the Canadian Subatomic Physics Long Range Plan, the Canadian Institute of Nuclear Physics (CINP) requested information from the nuclear physics community to gauge the dynamics and the demographics of the field in respect to the education and training of new personnel in the period of 2015-2019.  PIs from 33 projects, representing 75 faculty members from 19 universities and TRIUMF, submitted relevant information on HQP training as requested by CINP.  Not all departments responded, and in some cases it was not clear that the responses were comprehensive.  An active faculty is considered a faculty member that is engaged in an ongoing research program, either in a group or on their own, and can include emeritus professors.  Undergraduate and graduate students considered are either funded by Canadian sources (NSERC or otherwise) or primarily supervised by Canadian investigators.  There have been 11 new faculty hires in the last 5 years - 3 at TRIUMF, and 8 at Universities (Acadia, Guelph, Manitoba, McGill, North Island College (BC),  Regina, and St. Mary's) - reflecting a growth and renewal of our community.  In addition, as Figure \ref{hqpfig:hqp_summary} shows, there has been an increase in interest in nuclear physics at universities and TRIUMF. 

\begin{figure}[ht]
	\begin{center}
%		\includegraphics[trim={0 4.5cm 0 3cm},width=\columnwidth]{Figs/hqp_summary.PNG}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Figs/hqp_summary.PNG}
	\caption{Plot of the number of highly qualified personnel receiving training in a given year for the period of 2015-2019.  The numbers are for personnel either funded by Canadian sources (NSERC or otherwise) or primarily supervised by Canadian investigators.}
	\label{hqpfig:hqp_summary}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

Much of the growth in this period is due to the completion of several large facility upgrades and/or new experiments (ARIEL, nEXO, $\gamma$-Ray Group, TUCAN) and is expected to continue (perhaps at a slower rate) as other large facility upgrades are completed and major new experiments ramp up (12 GeV JLab, MOLLER).  Nearly all the groups had at least constant or modest growth in the number of HQP.  In particular, the number of highly qualified personnel being trained at ARIEL has doubled over the past period, and those in TRIUMF theory have nearly tripled.  The number of students and other HQP working on TUCAN has remained strong at about 30 people as well.  There are also some relatively new projects such as EMMA, MOLLER, EIC and muon g-2 that have begun training but have not yet reached their minimum level of personnel.  Based on this trend and the scientific potential, it would be beneficial to continue the hiring of new faculty to replace members of our community that have recently retired and to capitalize on the new upgrades at TRIUMF and abroad.  The observed trends are certainly encouraging and indicate a dynamic field, committed to training of highly qualified personnel through research.


\section{Benefits to Canadians}

Nuclear physics has produced a host of technologies that are now used as tools in many scientific disciplines, but also in more ordinary applications such as imaging technologies in medicine, cancer treatments, sterilization of blood and other medical items, oil-well logging, ion implantation of semiconductors, the most common type of smoke detectors, forensic analysis, monitoring cargo for contraband, and of course commercial power generation.  Photon sensor development may be 
\begin{figure}[!ht]
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\begin{center}
\parbox{0.95\textwidth}{
\section*{The Milano Ventilatore Meccanico (MVM) Project}
In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the MVM Collaboration\footnote{\url{https://mvm.care/}}, an international collaboration of national subatomic physics laboratories from Italy, Canada, the United States, and other countries, has leveraged its collective expertise in the design of gas handling and electronic control systems to develop an appropriate ventilator for both mandatory and assisted ventilation\footnote{\url{https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.10405.pdf}}. The simplicity of the design, which is made possible by the MVM sophisticated control system, allows for ease of availability of parts, and rapid manufacturing in differing countries.

Guided by medical experts and in cooperation with industrial partners Elemaster in Italy as well as Vexos\footnote{\url{https://www.vexos.com/mvm-ventilator}} and JMP Solutions in Canada, the MVM Collaboration has succeeded - in record time - to design, develop, build and certify a safe ventilator that is powerful, yet gentle, on the lungs. The project started in late March 2020 and within 6 weeks the design received Emergency Use Authorization by the US FDA.  In Canada the effort is led by Nobel laureate Art McDonald, involving team members from Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, McDonald Institute, SNOLAB, and TRIUMF.

The rapid development was only possible due to the almost around the clock work of a large team working across nine time zones, enabling effective hand-off and progress on the various development tasks. On September 30, 2020, the MVM received approval by Health Canada under the Interim Order and Vexos started to deliver the 10,000 units that have been ordered by the Federal Government of Canada.  The MVM development is a prime example of how the expertise of nuclear and particle physicists - who are trying to unravel the mysteries of the foundations of the Universe - can be effectively mobilized in real time to the benefit of tremendous challenges to our global society.
\vspace{2ex}
}

\includegraphics[width=.95\columnwidth]{Figs/MVM_collage.PNG}
	\caption{Pictures from the MVM Tests at TRIUMF. (Top) Connor Natzke (Colorado School of Mines/ TRIUMF), Victoria Vedia (TRIUMF); (Bottom) Nicolas Massacret (TRIUMF); Rebeka Lubna (front, TRIUMF). }
	\label{hqpfig:MVM}
	\end{center}
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used for LIDAR and in devices for wild fire/smoke detection, detector technologies may be used at border crossings to prevent the smuggling of radioactive substances and other national security/non-proliferation applications (e.g. are reactors being run cleanly, how truthfully did North Korea report their nuclear capabilities, where was radioactive items/material stolen from).  Nuclear physicists serve as science advisors to politicians and funding agencies around the world.

Accelerator production is a \$2 billion industry, with 1000 accelerators sold yearly for applications ranging from semiconductor processing, producing short-lived isotopes for medical imaging, accelerator mass spectrometry, and for radiation therapy.  The collective value of the products made using accelerator technology, including isotopes used in determining the age and origin of materials, studying the behavior of defects and impurities of materials, and medical applications has been estimated at more than \$500 billion per annum [Physics Today 64, 46 (2011)].  Canada is one of six countries worldwide that can produce the superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities needed in particle accelerators which have applications, not only for nuclear physics research at facilities like TRIUMF, but also in the energy, defence, aviation, aerospace and research industries to provide very precise metal-welding services using electron beams, and in environmental protection by replacing chemicals with electrons to treat flue gas that is emitted by coal-burning power plants.

Another example is Canada's long history of achievements in nuclear energy. CANDU reactors were developed in the 1950's and 60's and the design is still used today.  Canadian nuclear researchers have taken a leading role in a recently initiated International Atomic Energy Agency Coordinated Research Project for the ``Development of a Reference Database for Beta-Delayed Neutron Emission'' which has, among its research objectives, the goal to re-evaluate the beta-delayed neutron reactor constants in appropriate group format for energy applications and produce the recommended database. Nuclear energy from accelerator driven reactors and waste/transmutation are possible future advancements to nuclear power.

Many of the developments in nuclear physics have far-reaching impacts.  In some cases we are not able to predict what those impacts will be.  However, there are many applications with active collaboration of Canadian nuclear physicists.  Some examples include:
\begin{itemize}
    \item{Jens Lassen (TRIUMF), Peter Kunz (TRIUMF) and Corina Andreiou (SFU) have an NFRF grant approved to investigate thorium target material for medical isotope production}
    \item{Dennis Muecher (Guelph) and Connie Hoehr (TRIUMF Life Sciences) have an NFRF grant to improve range verification in proton/hadron cancer therapy via gamma-ray spectroscopy techniques}
     \item {Thomas Brunner (McGill) collaborating with a group at Sherbrooke to study the possibility of using the light emission properties in liquid Xe for rare event searches (nEXO) for medical imaging in PET}
     \item {Kris Starosta (SFU) and Joe Mildenberger (TRIUMF) are working in environmental/occupational safety such as developing shielding against prompt or non-prompt radioactive sources, performing post-Fukushima tracing (e.g.)}
    \item {Ania Kwiatkowski (TRIUMF) and Mike Wieser (Calgary) are studying water \& atmospheric flow/tracking with radioactive isotope tracing}
\end{itemize}

These are just a few of the ways that fundamental nuclear physics research in Canada has had a substantial impact on society at large.

\section{Summary}
Nuclear physics has and will continue to provide a broad range of benefits to society from the training of HQP to nuclear power, medical diagnostics and treatment.  Technological advances made to further our understanding of the fundamental nature of matter have produced tools used by nearly every other scientific discipline.  Innovations in detector and accelerator design will continue to impact medical, security and space applications.      

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``I joined the Applied Physics branch at CNL in January of 2016, following completion of my Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Guelph. My Ph.D. work focused on studying the nuclear structure of Hg-200 through elastic and inelastic transfer reactions using accelerated beams of deuterons provided by the Maier-Leibnitz Laboratory, in Garching, Germany. Currently, my primary research at CNL is in the area of nuclear safety and security, focused on advancing radiation technologies for border security and nuclear non-proliferation. This includes, but is not limited to, the development, improvement and validation of muon tomography detectors and algorithms for the detection of shielded special nuclear materials and the exploration of using disruptive liquid argon detector technology for the screening of cargo containers at Canadian borders. In addition to this, I have ongoing research in the area of nuclear energy and reactor physics. This research employs CNL’s ZED-2 reactor, a versatile heavy water moderated low power research reactor.''\\
Dr. Evan Rand (PhD, University of Guelph, 2016), Applied Scientist, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario
}
}
\end{center}





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