\chapter{Executive Summary of Recommendations}

The Canadian nuclear physics community is pursuing a diverse set of research endeavors which address key questions identified by broad international consensus as being of major importance in understanding the origin, evolution and structure of visible matter in the universe.  These endeavors are carried out both at TRIUMF in Canada and at international facilities where researchers lead exciting, unique opportunities that are not available onshore.  Our specific recommendations for maximizing Canadian scientific output in nuclear physics research are detailed in Chapter~\ref{sec:recomm}, and are listed here in shorter form for convenience.

\begin{enumerate}

\item{Enhance nuclear theory support}

The advancement of nuclear physics is strongly dependent on the interplay between theory and experiment. Theory input is indispensable for many experimental programs, including the quickly-developing precision frontier which can reach for new physics at TeV scale. For example, nuclear corrections are still the largest systematic uncertainty in neutrino oscillation data.  In addition to predictive first-principles ({\em ab-initio}) and phenomenological modeling, theorists identify promising future directions for the experimental programs, participate in experimental proposals, develop new computational methodology, help to interpret the experimental data, and educate the future generation of researchers in both theory and experiment. The key to successful collaboration between theory and experiment in such areas is close coordination and rapid theory response to the needs of experimental programs. At the same time, excellence in theory depends on diversity of ideas and people, and it is essential to support a wide range of theoretical programs in all regions of Canada.

{\em We recommend an increased support for nuclear theory researchers at a level that is sufficient for faculty members to allow travel and also to support postdocs and graduate students.}  Budgetary estimates are in Sec.~\ref{sec:optimal}.

%GH: breadth recommendation added, as per Ritu's comments
\item{Maintain a diverse program of excellence in experimental and
  theoretical nuclear physics research.}

The Canadian nuclear physics program is grouped around several key questions
that are each internationally recognized as being of high priority.  Recognizing the need to maintain scientific excellence and a critical mass of effort, the Canadian nuclear physics research community has self-selected where to to concentrate its effort, taking leadership roles or making significant
contributions in initiatives addressing these questions both onshore and offshore.  
There are many inter-connections between the key nuclear physics questions, and advances in one
area often follow from progress in a complementary area.

Canadian participation and leadership in scientific experiments and developments at offshore rare isotope facilities should continue to be supported. Canadian researchers have successful scientific programs and are building detectors for various RIB facilities, including the new major in-flight facilities at NSCL/FRIB in the USA and GSI/FAIR in Germany.

{\em We strongly recommend that a diverse nuclear physics program addressing all of the key questions be maintained in all funding scenarios.}

\item{Fund the additional HQP needed to capitalize on new or recently-upgraded facilities}
%GH: following community comments, added some info on specific large strategic investments which are listed in Chapter 6.  
%GH 20.10.14: revised wording following discussion

Substantive progress towards the resolution of the key questions in nuclear physics requires
highly qualified personnel (HQP), including undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows (PDFs) and technical staff. 
Furthermore, recent strategic investments are enabling the development of major new experimental facilities addressing these key questions, such as:
\begin{itemize}

\item{At ISAC, CANREB beams are coming online, and new detectors have or are nearing completion such as:
the Electromagnetic Mass Analyser (EMMA, ramping up after first experiments in 2019), 
and the proposed Radioactive Molecules for Fundamental Physics (RAMS) facility.}

\item{The upgraded TRIUMF Ultra Cold Neutron EDM experiment is projected to be assembled in 2023, with experiments planned for the following two to three years.}

\item{The DOE recently approved Critial Decision 0 (Mission Need) for a tonne-scale $0\nu\beta\beta$ experiment, for which nEXO at SNOLAB is a strong candidate.  This would be a major opportunity for future Canadian leadership.}

\item{The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade is now complete, and Canadians are finally starting to see the fruits of their work in terms of high quality new data.}
 
\item{The ALPHA-Canada Collaboration will be capitalizing on the new infrastructures ALPHA-g and ALPHA-3 at CERN, as well as HAICU in Canada.}

\end{itemize}

The experimental studies enabled by these new facilities have very high scientific merit and Canadians are well-placed to take advantage of these opportunities.
These facilities also provide an excellent training ground for the
subatomic physics HQP who generate the innovative ideas used to design, build, and operate experiments and facilities, devise improved algorithms to analyze collected data, and create the numerical simulations to interface theoretical models with measurement data. After graduation, the wide range of highly-valuable skills they gain from training in nuclear physics allows them to contribute towards the Canadian innovation economy in multiple areas related to science and technology.

Without sufficient operating funds, to support the HQP for data taking, analysis and dissemination of results, the Canadian leadership and impact in experiments such as these will be lost.
%text from gamma-ray brief
{\em It is essential that a corresponding increase be made in the NSERC Subatomic Physics
envelope to support the research teams that will drive the scientific output from these new facilities.}
Budgetary estimates are in Sec.~\ref{sec:optimal}.

\item{Leverage the scientific opportunities enabled by the completion of ARIEL}

The Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) is TRIUMF’s flagship project, conceived to ensure
Canada’s leadership role in rare isotope science. During the period covered by the
forthcoming Long Range Plan, ARIEL will move from construction to delivering science in a
phased approach that will see a significant increase in the quality and variety of available 
radioactive beams, and a tripling of the user beam time by 2031.  This will allow a large number of high priority measurements to more quickly move ahead.

To fully leverage these opportunities, Government of Canada support for TRIUMF to allow for {\em operational support necessary to fully exploit the science opportunities of ARIEL (9000 hours of RIB per year) is essential}.  Strategic investments by NSERC in the additional HQP needed to run the experiments, analyze the data, and disseminate the results in a timely fashion is also critical to maximize the scientific output.

\item{Position Canada for leadership in future international nuclear physics research}

The Canadian nuclear physics program is grouped around several key questions
that are internationally recognized as being of high priority.
To advance our understanding of these key questions, it is understood that Canadians must be leading participants in the development of major international projects.
These potential future flagship endeavors must receive the support needed to position Canada for key leadership roles.

%GH 20.10.14: previous international projects added following discussion
Significant international nuclear physics projects with significant Canadian leadership contributions include Qweak and GlueX at Jefferson Lab and ALPHA at CERN.  The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC)
is a major international facility on the future horizon, which will uniquely address profound questions about nucleons (neutrons and protons) and how they are assembled to form the nuclei of atoms.  Canadians have been involved in the planning of the EIC program for some time, and a Canadian was recently elected as International Representative on the EIC User's Group Steering Committee.  {\em A substantial involvement in the EIC project will confirm Canada's leadership role in scientific research and development.}

\item{Grow the nuclear physics research community}

The 15 years of the coming long range plan constitute a very substantial fraction of the career of most researchers.  Over this plan, therefore, there will be a large renewal of the senior researcher ranks of our field.  Substantial scientific opportunities in both theory and experiment, such as ARIEL and EIC listed above, but also at new international 
radioactive beam facilities like FRIB and FAIR, make the case for an expansion of investment in nuclear physics research at universities across Canada.

Historically, Bridge Faculty Positions have proven to be an effective way to strategically grow research capacity in highly promising fields within Canadian universities.  
Successful nuclear physics faculty bridge programs both in Canada and abroad include: TRIUMF, RIKEN-BNL Research Center (open to Canadian institutions), FRIB Theory Alliance, and Jefferson Lab.
We encourage our community to seek innovative sources of funds for such positions, 
%from national or international laboratories, provincial institutes, or foundations,
so that the substantial scientific opportunities we see in the next 15 years can be best taken advantage of.
%Because of the NSERC grant elibility rule, such matching funds must be sought from outside the SAP envelope.
We also support TRIUMF in seeking the funds to strengthen its bridge faculty program for the future.

\clearpage
\item{Foster a funding environment which enables Canadian researchers to lead in science and discovery}

Canadian researchers are at the forefront of subatomic physics research. To maintain this high level of performance in the years to come, it is essential for the range of funding opportunities and resources already in place to be strengthened and expanded.

\begin{enumerate}

\item{Sufficient and versatile funding opportunities for both capital equipment and operational funding are essential to position Canadian researchers to react quickly to new research opportunities as they arise, but also the stability for planning with the long-term perspective necessary for major initiatives. {\em It is essential to restore the flexibility of the SAP envelope, so that RTI-1 projects at the $\sim\$$200k scale can be funded with a reasonable success rate.
We see this as a strong rationale for an infusion of new funds to the envelope.}
The interplay between NSERC, CFI and the new computing agency (see Section \ref{sec:hpc}) also needs to be strengthened, so that capital, operating fund and high performance computing resource decisions are coordinated and streamlined.
}

Table~\ref{table:capital} lists the major experimental initiatives that will require significant capital funding if the promised substantial
improvements over current knowledge are to be realized.
The largest projects on the planning $\sim$ 2025--2030 horizon include:
\begin{itemize}
\item{nEXO at SNOLAB.}
\item{ISAC ion storage ring with a neutron generator target.}
\item{Radioactive Molecules (RAMS) for fundamental physics facility at ISAC/ARIEL.}
\item{Canadian contributions to detectors at the Electron-Ion Collider.}
\end{itemize}
Opportunities may also arise at the next-generation in-flight facilities FRIB (USA) and FAIR (Germany) which will provide first beams during the period covered by this long range plan.

\item{
NSERC and TRIUMF should continue to provide technical resources and capabilities for supporting the construction of experiments, through their MRS program and the TRIUMF Science \& Technology department. 
Whenever possible, TRIUMF should attempt to provide access to technical personnel at subsidized cost.}

\item{
%GH: from Fabrice
Ongoing investments in detector
and accelerator R\&D are needed to assure the continued excellence of Canadian nuclear
physics research in the coming decades, and to continue the positive impacts that fundamental research has had on Canadian society and industry.
Such funds are particularly needed as a seed for future projects and to explore improved technologies,
% new text from Makoto
including machine learning algorithm, quantum sensing and information technologies.
}

\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}